Frederick Douglass Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Frederick Douglass - Essay Example ille Convention, Frederick Douglas introduced a portion of his complaints against the administration that depended on the political and societal position of dark Americans in the United States. His fundamental protest was that considerably after the abrogation of bondage, the partiality against dark Americans was wild and a standard in American culture. He saw that the equity framework and the pastorate were additionally choosing not to see towards the segregation experienced by dark Americans (Douglass, p. 2). Specifically, he reprimanded the Lynch law which made the dark American people group progressively helpless against despise violations by partial individuals (Douglass, p. 3). Douglas likewise expressed his complaint against the preferences exhibited towards individuals of color in looking for work and equity. Another complaint that he held against the administration was the disappointment of the dark Americans. The common right of political support was not being ensured. He censured that the American government was not guaranteeing reasonable portrayal and that the discretionary procedure was imperfect. By disappointing the dark populace, the legislature was forestalling them to be spoken to as political pioneers in the states where they are in a dominant part (Douglass, p. 5). He contended for a more attractive appointive framework where the dark populace was given an equivalent option to cast a ballot and be chosen. He focused on that it was the duty of the administration to guarantee that the law was applied consistently regardless of the shade of the skin of the residents. Douglas expressed that the legislature was capable to guarantee that the opportunities and social equality allowed in the American Constitution were not denied to any resident. In his battle for racial fairness in the United States, Martin Luther King rehearsed peacefulness. He was an adherent to exchange and arrangement to make common comprehension between the white and dark races with the goal that both could make the most of their social liberties similarly in the public arena (King, p. 3). Composing from prison

Cyclical Unemployment free essay sample

Recognize the kind of joblessness alluded to in the BBC article and blueprint the primary driver of this type of joblessness. (1) Cyclical Unemployment, ment to portray the joblessness related with business cycles occuring in the economy. Patterned joblessness happens during downturns since, when interest for merchandise and ventures in an economy falls, a few organizations react by cutting creation and laying off laborers as opposed to by decreasing wages and costs. 2) Unemployed people can't gain cash to meet monetary commitments. Inability to pay contract installments or to pay lease may prompt vagrancy through abandonment or ousting. An economy with high joblessness isn't utilizing the entirety of the assets, explicitly work, accessible to it. These joblessness benefits incorporate joblessness protection, joblessness pay , government assistance and endowments to help in retraining. Social orders attempt various measures to get whatever number individuals as would be prudent into work, and different social orders have encountered near full work for expanded periods, especially during the Post-World War II monetary extension . We will compose a custom exposition test on Recurrent Unemployment or then again any comparative point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page (3) 1991-1993 increment in joblessness since the Great Depression, 1993-2008 monetary steadiness, the joblessness rate is likewise generally stable,2008-2009 and, after a concise break, the UK economy slipped once again into downturn following 1 Fiscal arrangement alludes to the manner by which an administration, ideological group, or other association handles its accounts. To Increase the pace of venture: Fiscal approach focuses on the advancement and speeding up of the pace of interest in the private and open divisions of the economy. (2) Equal Distribution of National salary: Fiscal approach should add to across the country benefits and reallocate it so that the incredible imbalance of benefits and wealth are shortened in the monetary framework. Minimal well off situation in wealth and abuse their benefits on clear utilization and inventories, real land, gold ingots, abroad trade, guess and so on. While on the extra give, the sufficient are wedged underneath the thing of shortage and despondency. These yearn of monetary approach is to remove these imbalances and straight the capital into innovative channels for budgetary development 3 Evaluate the view that the primary goal of UK govt arrangement ought to be to accomplish full business 4 Education and Training. The point is to give the drawn out jobless new aptitudes which empower them to secure positions in creating businesses, e. g. retrain jobless steel laborers to have essential I. T. abilities which causes them look for some kind of employment in administration segment. †However, in spite of giving instruction and preparing plans, the jobless might be not able or reluctant to learn new aptitudes. Best case scenario it will take quite a while to lessen joblessness.

SIPA Student Groups COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

SIPA Student Groups COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog Kelly Heindel is a student working in our office this year and I asked her to highlight some of the student driven opportunities at SIPA.   Below is a brief description of some of the formal student groups that have been put together by our students.   To learn more about student life at SIPA, visit the Student Life Web page. An integral part of a SIPA education is participation in student organizations.   Currently, we have over 40 student groups and there is always the opportunity to start your own.     These groups cover a wide range of topics and interests and are an excellent supplement to coursework and internships.   In addition, they provide students with valuable networking opportunities and other career development forums.   Students can join these organizations at anytime throughout the school year; however, elections for leadership positions are typically held in the late fall or early spring semester.   You may contact any of the group representatives for more detailed information. Here is a list of current registered student organizations: * Arab Student Association (ASA) * Asia Pacific Affairs Council (APAC) * Conflict Resolution Working Group (CRWG) * Education and Development Working Group * EMPA Forum * EU/European Student Association (ESA) * Eurasia Initiative * Follies * Gender Policy Working Group * Grassroots Social Policy Network * Greater China Initiative * HRWG Human Rights Working Group * Humanitarian Affairs Working Group * Iranians at SIPA * Korea Focus * Latin American Students Association (LASA) * Media in International Conflict * Microfinance Working Group * Migration Working Group * Net Impact * Nihon Benkyokai/Japan Exchange Forum (NBK) * Nordic American Students Association (nasa) * QUIPASA Queers in International and Public Affairs * School of International and Public Affairs Student Association-SIPASA * SIPA Energy Association * SIPA Finance Club * SIPA Pan-African Network * SIPA Turkish Initiative * South Asian Association (SAA) * Southeast Asia Student Initiative (SEASI) * Taiwan Focus * UN Studies Working Group

Activity Based Innovations For Uk Manufacturing Sector Essay

Activity Based Innovations [Name of the Writer] [Name of the Institution] Activity Based Innovations in UK Manufacturing Sector Introduction The addition of technological advancement in the business has increased the competition very much. There are several companies that rely totally on the technological development as that helps them control the cost and produce a high quality product. The current environment of the business demand that this advancement should be added to all the factors of the organizations like products and services, processes performances and costs, and all other organizational activities. It is one of the main aims of the company to produce products that are demanded by the customers but on the other hand they should yield profit as well. If a product has high demand as well as very high cost, the company might not produce such product if it fails to earn profit in that. Many companies on the other hand, use their cost systems to analyse which part of the company needs assistance and improvement. It is also very important to mention that the cost is a factor that can help the organization denote the changes needed in the product’s price, service, quality, product’s features and any other factor related to customer. So, the cost, having such great importance, should be added with the innovation aspect in order to improve the outcomes a company can get from the cost. There are many companies that do not rely on the cost system andShow MoreRelatedThe Role Of Governments Play An Important Role Of Business Innovation1296 Words   |  6 Pages ‘Governments play an important role in business innovation.’ Discuss in relation to two sectors. Introduction It is a common notion that it is primarily the private sector that drives innovation and economic growth, while the government, at best, plays only organization role in ‘fixing market failures’. Under this myth lies a different story, where some of the best advanced economies in the world have been shaped directly by government ¬ led investments. By not being capable to recognize the governmentRead MoreEngineering Skills Gap At The Manufacturing Sector1644 Words   |  7 Pages Abstract This report looks into what the future may look like for the manufacturing sector as well as engineering in Wales. The future looks potentially very good, with many predictions of growth in the manufacturing sector, with a possible  £27 billion more each year from 2022, for the UK in general, drawing more companies in and creating many more jobs in the process. However, the main obstacle is an engineering skills gap, with many more engineers required to fill the vacanciesRead MoreThe Varieties Of Capitalism : The Institutional Foundations Of Comparative Advantage1633 Words   |  7 Pageseducation, and employees. Liberal Market Economies (LMEs) and Coordinated Market Economies (CMEs) can be viewed as the two prototypes representing the two ends of a continuum of national political economies. In LMEs, â€Å"†¦firms coordinate their activities primarily via hierarchies and competitive market arrangements. (†¦) Market relationships are characterized by the arm’s-length exchange of goods or services in a context of competition and formal contracting...† (Hall and Soskice, 2001, p8) On theRead MoreThe Success Or The Failure Of British Business1315 Words   |  6 Pagesway of tangibly measuring this phenomenon is through the types of investments made; particularly foreign direct investments (also known as FDI). Increase in FDI shows a globalization movement. In July 2013, UK trade and investment released the final annual investment figures which confirm the UK as leading European destination for FDI. The aim of this essay is to look at the evolution of both inward and outward foreign direct investments in Britain and then discuss the impact of the direction andRead MoreEconomic Development And Development Of Small And Medium Sized Enterprises ( Smes )2194 Words   |  9 Pagesact as the seedbed of innovation and technology discovery, however in Capitalism, Socailism and Democracy, published by Schumpeter in 1942, contradict the statement and form the current accustomed concept that large corporations are the engine to the progression of economic development and possess the ability to accelerate innovation through the process of creative destruction (Nicholas, 2003). By the 1980s, the economy gradually evolved from production-based into knowledge-based and the governmentRead MoreAn Introduction Of Innovation And Opportunities For Quantity Surveying Essay1878 Words   |  8 Pagesprofessionalism (Davis et al., 2007). Increasing pressure to improve performance of quantity surveying firms led to a need for applying new innovative sciences and solutions. Innovation with regards to quantity surveying is usually defined as technological and organizational improvements. According to Nkodo (1999) the need for innovation has become grater as increasing the range of business opportunities has become necessary for a firm’s continued growth, survival and profitability in competitive businessRead MoreOrganizational Learning: Annotated Bibliography Essay1375 Words   |  6 PagesBond, 2006. Working with Barriers to Organizational Learning. Networking for International Development. Retrieved from: http://www.bond.org.uk/data/files/resources/467/Barriers-to-Organisational-Learning-.pdf Bond is the network for over 290 UK-based non-governmental organizations working in the international development and development education. The organization stresses the barriers to organizational learning as due to bias for action, failure to hold discussions, and lack of commitment. OnRead MoreVideo Game Industry Overview1431 Words   |  6 Pagestwo different sectors with the first being the software sector which constitutes the games themselves and the second is the infrastructure and the technology that is needed to support the playing of the games. These sectors make the game industry. The software sector is further divided into first person shooter games, mass multi player online role gaming, role playing games, and platform games. There are so many games to choose from. The infrastructure and the technology sector are of great strategicRead MoreECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES OF GLOBALIZATION ON TELECOMMUNICATION INDUSTRY1682 Words   |  7 Pageshighly integrated, leading to a global economy and highly global economic policymaking, through international agencies such as the World Trade Organization (Todaro Smith, 2006). Since late 1980s, the increasing globalization in the manufacturing sector and service sector has also globalized the telecommunication industry. A large number of telecom companies are expanding rapidly from their home countries to other countries in order to increase their customer base and their sales, off course. GlobalizationRead MoreFord Motor Company s Goals Essay2188 Words   |  9 Pageswith their activities, car transmission system problems, and issues with the promotion of the environment and sustainability in production. Through detailed data collection and analysis, the aim of this capstone project is to assess different problems with Ford cars transmission problems, with the objective of making the company’s goals of improving the environment by reducing greenhouse gas emission, implementing methods of manufacturing that are efficient, and working with innovations as well as

Odysseus A Hero Essay - 1074 Words

When we hear the word hero, more than one idea comes to mind. Not only do we think of people that we look up to in our world, but we also think of heroes in the fictional world. To be a hero can mean a variety of different things. Leaders, singers, and even parents can be a hero that someone looks up too. But in the fictional world, a hero is someone who has learned from his or hers journey to come out a changed person. Some characters complete the journey, while others do not quite make it to the end. In The Odyssey, Odysseus takes more than one leap of faith on his journey to become a hero by learning from his mistakes, making personal sacrifices, and becoming a better man. After making mistakes, Odysseus realizes his wrong doings†¦show more content†¦Throughout his journey, Odysseus is put in positions that challenge him mentally and physically. Sometimes, these trials require sacrificing personal values and items before he can overcome them. Like on Kirke’s island , Odysseus makes a sacrifice very few would: â€Å"She will cower and yield her bed- a pleasure you must not decline† (X, 334-335). To free his men, Odysseus gives in to temptation not because he wants to, but because he is willing to put forward his self to get out them all out of this situation. Even though his men got themselves changed into swine, Odysseus’s courage and thoughts of home is what frees them from their curse. This shows that the son of Laertes will surrender what is his, to keep the people around him safe. In another part of the journey, his crew mates even ask him if he is â€Å"flesh and blood...to endure more of a man can† (XII, 358-359) because he tells them not to land on Thrinakia. But when Odysseus sees that his crew does need the rest, he submits and tells them to land. Here, Odysseus knows of the dangers and temptations that lay ahead of them if they land, but he agrees to it because his crew needs to regain their energy to continue. A lthough the outcome of his decision was fatal for his crew, his choice shows that he would risk their journey to keep his men in healthy condition. Near the end of the book, Odysseus makes another sacrifice needed to keep things quiet. He tells the old nurse â€Å"BeShow MoreRelatedThe Hero Of Odysseus900 Words   |  4 PagesRogers Some people think of a hero as someone with courage, determination, or someone that have risked their lives for others. Others think of a hero as someone who has outstanding strength and is clever. A hero, not only has physical strength, but also has mental strength as well. Odysseus, ruler of Ithaca, proves he is a hero by having all of these traits. Odysseus fights through hard times and overcomes obstacles, he kept his men together for most of the story, and he avenges himself whenRead MoreOdysseus Is A Hero?950 Words   |  4 Pagesmost people, Odysseus is believed as a hero. A hero is a person who is admired or idealized for courage, achievements, and noble qualities. In one of Homer’s classic epics, The Odyssey, Odysseus is admired by many people as a man who has intelligence, nobility, and confidence. However, women who both loved and knew Odysseus than anyone, thought of him differently and knew him in depth. Through The Meadowlands and The Penelopiad, Circe and Pene lope showed their strong opinions of this â€Å"hero† through theirRead MoreOdysseus Is A Hero?1143 Words   |  5 PagesHomer, The character Odysseus is one of the greek heros in this book. He is known as a great hero, because he manages to get through all of these dangerous mission such as : First odysseus makes it alive after travelling for ten years and facing different and more difficult challenges. Odyssey faces dangerous creatures and people. Homer have odysseus pass all theses task and missions to name him one of the great greek gods that ever lived . Some may say Odysseus is not a hero but why would HomerRead MoreOdysseus A Hero730 Words   |  3 PagesIs Odysseus a Hero? Heroes are often thought of as great figures that conquer evil, kill the monster, and save the day. Odysseus is often referred to as a hero. He is a strong individual striving to complete his goal, return to his wife and son and remove suitors that have taken his home. Although he is seen as a hero by definition and he appears to be one as well there are decisions he made that may not be truly heroic. In The Odyssey by Homer, Odysseus decisions to value his crews life, andRead MoreIs Odysseus Not Hero?1706 Words   |  7 Pageshearts. Many people argue that Odysseus is not hero but considering the things he does through his journey his characteristics began to show a little of his heroic side. In The Wanderings of Odysseus from the Odyssey a epic poem by Homer, Odysseus is on his way back to Ithaca his home island after winning the ten year old Trojan War to come see his wife, Penelope and his son, Telemachus. The journey to home takes a very unexpected turn for Odysseus and his m en. Odysseus is challenged with many obstaclesRead MoreOdysseus Is Not A Hero1965 Words   |  8 PagesMerriam-Webster defines a hero as, â€Å"A person who is admired for great or brave acts or fine qualities.† For Odysseus to be a hero this definition is supposed to fit and describe him and his character, but why does this definition not describe or fit him and his character? This is because Odysseus is not a hero. Odysseus has done unethical things on his journey that makes him a person that should go unadmired. For example, when Odysseus ignored the death of his man in order to make more progress onRead MoreLoachus : A Hero : Odysseus As A Hero737 Words   |  3 PagesOdysseus is a Hero There are countless ways to describe a hero. A hero is someone who fights for what they believe in. They fight with their men and are determined to come back home. In the Odyssey, Odysseus is a hero because he is a leader, very determined, and is extremely skillful. Odysseus was a leader in various ways. He led his men through the Trojan War and many difficult challenges that faced them. Sometimes he didnt want so many men walking in on something unexpected, so he only took aRead More Odysseus: A Hero Essay1333 Words   |  6 PagesOdysseus: A Hero Heroism was not an invention of the Greeks. Yet, through the first hundreds years of their civilization, the Greek literature has already given birth to highly polished and complex long epics that revolved around heroes. These literature works gave many possibilities of definition of heroism. The Greeks illustrated heroism to obey the rules laid down by the gods and goddesses, and those who obey the rules would gain honor and fame. The Greeks regarded intelligence as oneRead MoreOdysseus: the Anti-Hero1534 Words   |  7 PagesOdysseus: The Anti-Hero Throughout Homer’s epic The Odyssey, Odysseus is a hero. In all myths and legends, a hero combats the â€Å"monsters.† In the typical story a hero is unselfish and fights to protect his people while the monsters are greedy powerful things that antagonize the people. Yet despite this typical storyline, if we read closely, we may conclude that Odysseus is actually the oppressive hero in many of these situations – provoking the â€Å"monsters† into fighting. The â€Å"monsters† in the OdysseyRead MoreOdysseus As A Great Hero869 Words   |  4 PagesTen years after the fall of Troy, Odysseus a great hero has yet to return to his home in Ithaca. It begins with Athena and Poseidon who helped the Greeks during the Trojan War. Athena turned against the Greeks and convinces Poseidon to do the same. The Greeks are hit by storms on the way home and many ships are destroyed and the fleet is scattered. The war and his distress at sea keep Odysseus away from Ithaca for twenty years. While Odyesseus was gone his son Telemachus has grown into a man and

Apes Air Pollution Vocabulary Free Essays

Chapter 17 Vocab * Acid deposition- the settling of acidic or acid-forming pollutants from the atmosphere onto Earth’s surface. * Acid rain- Acid deposition that takes place through rain. * Aerosols- very fine liquid droplets or solid particles aloft in the atmosphere. We will write a custom essay sample on Apes Air Pollution Vocabulary or any similar topic only for you Order Now * Air pollutant- gases and particulate material added to the atmosphere that can affect climate or harm people or other organisms. * Air pollution- the act of pollution the air, or the condition of being polluted by air pollutants. Ambient air pollution- see outdoor pollution * Atmospheric pressure- the weight per unit area produced by a column of air * Carbon monoxide- a colorless, odorless gas produced primarily by the incomplete combustion of fuel. * CFC’s- chlorofluorocarbon. One of a group of human-made organic compounds derived from simple hydrocarbons in which hydrogen atoms are replaced by chlorine, bromine, fluorine. Clean Air Act of 1970- revision of prior congressional legislation to control air pollution that set stricter standards for air quality, imposed limits on emissions from new stationary and mobile sources, provided new funds for pollution-control research and enabled citizens to sue parties violating the standards. * Clean Air Act of 1990- congressional l egislation that strengthened regulations pertaining to air quality standards, auto emissions, toxic air pollution, acid deposition, and depletion of the ozone layer, while also introducing market-based incentives to reduce pollution. Cold front- the boundary where a mass of cold air displaces a mass of warmer air. * Convective circulation- a circular current driven by temperature differences * Coriolis effect-The observed effect of the Coriolis force, especially the deflection of an object moving above the earth, rightward in the northern hemisphere and leftward in the southern hemisphere. Criteria pollutant- six air pollutants- carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, tropospheric ozone, particulate matter, and lead- for which the Environmental Protection Agency has established maximum allowable concentrations in ambient outdoor air because of the threats they pose to human health. * Ferrel cell-An atmospheric cell lying between the two thermally direct cells: the Polar c ell and the Hadley cell. It transfers warm air to high latitudes and shifts cold air back to the subtropics, where it is warmed. Front- the boundary between air masses that differ in temperature and moisture. * Ground level ozone- see tropospheric ozone. * Hadley cell- A large-scale atmospheric convection cell in which air rises at the equator and sinks at medium latitudes. * Halocarbons- A chlorofluorocarbon or other compound in which the hydrogen of a hydrocarbon is replaced by halogens. * Inversion layer- in a temperature inversion, the band of air in which temperature rises with altitude. Montreal Protocol- he Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer is a protocol to the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer. It is an international treaty designed to protect the ozone layer by phasing out the production of a number of substances believed to be responsible for ozone depletion. * Nitrogen dioxide- a foul-smelling reddish brown gas that contrib utes to smog and acid deposition. * Outdoor pollution-air pollution that occurs outdoors Ozone depleting substances- airborne chemicals that destroy ozone molecules and thin the ozone layer * Ozone hole- thinning of the ozone layer over Antarctica. * Ozone layer- a portion of the stratosphere that contains most of the ozone * Particulate matter- solid or liquid particles small enough to be suspended in the atmosphere and able to damage respiratory tissues when inhaled. * Photochemical smog- air pollution containing ozone and other reactive chemical compounds formed by the action of sunlight on nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons, especially those in automobile exhaust. Polar cell- one of a pair of cells of convective circulation. * Primary pollutant- directly harmful * Relative humidity-the ratio of the water vapor contained in a given volume of air to the maximum amount the air could contain for a given temperature * Residence time- in a biogeochemical cycle, the amount of time a nutr ient remains in a given pool or reservoir before moving to another * Secondary pollutant- added to the atmosphere Sick building syndrome- a building-related illness produced by indoor pollution in which the specific cause is not identifiable. * Stratosphere- the layer of the atmosphere above the troposphere and below the mesosphere * Temperature inversion- an abnormal increase in temperature with height in the troposphere * Troposphere- the bottommost layer of the atmosphere * VOCs- volatile organic compound How to cite Apes Air Pollution Vocabulary, Papers

Philosophy Of Jeremy Bentham Essay Example For Students

Philosophy Of Jeremy Bentham Essay Over time, the actions of mankind have been the victim of two vague labels, right and wrong. The criteria for these labels are not clearly defined, but they still seem to be the standard by which the actions of man are judged. There are some people that abide by a deontological view when it comes to judging the nature of actions; the deontological view holds that it is a persons intention that makes an action right or wrong. On the other hand there is the teleological view which holds that it is the result of an action is what makes that act right or wrong. In this essay I will be dealing with utilitarianism, a philosophical principle that holds a teleological view when it comes the nature of actions. To solely discuss utilitarianism is much too broad of topic and must be broken down, so I will discuss specifically quantitative utilitarianism as presented by Jeremy Bentham. In this essay I will present the argument of Bentham supporting his respective form of utilitarianism and I will give my critique of this argument along the way. Before the main discussion of the Benthams utilitarianism gets underway, lets first establish what utilitarianism is. As stated in the introduction, utilitarianism is a teleological philosophy that is primarily concerned with the results of an action when determining the nature of that act. Utilitarianism operates primarily under the greater happiness principal, in other words, utilitarians believe that one should only act in such a way that the results of that act should produce the greatest amount of happiness for the greatest for the greatest number of people. It is due to this view that utilitarianism is often criticized for being too hedonistic because it places the moral value of an act only on how much that act effects happiness. The teleological nature of utilitarianism also can serve as a problem because it pays no attention to the intention an action and can make acts of an immoral nature justifiably right. I will use the example that a professor of mine used in which a man tries to snatch an old ladys purse and in his struggle to do so he pulls her out of the way of a speeding vehicle thus saving her life. This act, although it started with mischievous intent, ended with a life being saved and surely produced the greatest amount of happiness for the old lady. In the utilitarian eye this act is morally acceptable and right due to the fact that happiness was produced. Jeremy Bentham was a utilitarian philosopher with his own version of this particular of this teleological view called Quantitative Utilitarianism. Benthams utilitarianism argument starts by giving his principle of utility which judges all actions based on its tendency to promote or diminish happiness of whoever is involved, be it a community or an individual. According to Bentham, an action is right if, it increases happiness and decreases suffering and is wrong it does not. Also included in his view of utilitarianism is a way to calculate the general tendency of any act and its affect on a community. The calculation is based on the seven circumstances of the act, which are: its intensity, its duration, its certainty or uncertainty, its propinquity or remoteness, its fecundity (tendency to be followed by sensations of like kind), its purity (tendency not to be followed by sensations of unlike kind), and its extent (number of people affected). With these circumstances in order, one can start to calculate the nature of the act and according to Bentham after the completion of the process, one can make an accurate assessment of the true nature of the act. Here is where my critique of Benthams Quantitative Utilitarianism comes into the picture. Essay about The Pros and Cons of Social Surveys in Sociological Research Essay There are too many things that need to be done in order to come to the final conclusion and on top of that, the process instructs you to repeat however many times necessary. Secondly, the terms fecundity and purity seem like the same thing. I can not see the difference between taking into account the chance of something being followed by something else of same nature and taking into account the chance of something not being followed by something of opposite nature. If I am trying to estimate the chances a pleasurable sensation has of being followed by another pleasurable sensation, is that not the same as trying to estimate the chances a pleasurable sensation has of not being followed by a painful sensation. In both scenarios I am trying to see if the original pleasurable sensation will be followed by another pleasurable sensation. Thirdly, the problem of again rises about value. In the first case, the value for interests went unspecified, now in this case it is the value of pleasure and plain. Throughout Benthams explaining of how to calculate how an act affects a communitys interest, he once again fails to give some kind of value for pleasure and pain. We are instructed to take every pleasure and every pain into account and them sum up all the values in order to get a balance, but there is no value. Bentham also repeats the mistake of treating abstract concepts as concrete concepts. Just like individual interests, pleasure and pain are relative. The ways that pleasure and pain affect people vary and what is pleasurable for one person may not be pleasurable for another. Another problem with this method has to do with the end product of the account process. Bentham says that after all of the values of pleasure and pain are summed up, if the balance is on the side of pleasure the act as a whole has a good tendency, as the same for pain. But what if there is no side that the balance lay on? Hypothetically speaking, if there were a community of 200 people and after all of the values of pleasure and pain were added up and the results were split down the middle, what tendency would the act have? In order to even start to answer this there would have to be some sort of value for the pleasure and pain. The values would also have to differ in order to get a definite end result, certain pains and pleasures would have to weigh more than others, but thats Qualitative Utilitarianism. As for Bentham and Quantitative Utilitarianism this is all I have to say, its all that I could muster. In conclusion, Benthams essay does read well. He is very precise in keeping his argument consistent. If there were some kind of way to give things like pleasure and pain definite values, then his quantitative method would be that which all other methods would go by. But things of that nature vary too much and too often to even try to try.

Armor and Weapons of the Spanish Conquistadors

Armor and Weapons of the Spanish Conquistadors Christopher Columbus discovered previously unknown lands in 1492, and within 20 years the conquest of these new lands was proceeding quickly. How were the Spanish conquistadors able to do it? The Spanish armor and weapons had much to do with their success. The Swift Success of the Conquistadors The Spanish who came to settle the New World were generally not farmers and craftsmen but soldiers, adventurers, and mercenaries looking for a quick fortune. Native communities were attacked and enslaved and any treasures they may have had such as gold, silver or pearls were taken. Teams of Spanish conquistadors devastated native communities on Caribbean islands such as Cuba and Hispaniola between 1494 and 1515 or so before moving on to the mainland. The most famous conquests were those of the mighty Aztec and Inca Empires, in Central America and the Andes mountains of South America respectively. The conquistadors who took these mighty Empires down (Hernan Cortes in Mexico in 1525 and Francisco Pizarro in Peru, 1532) commanded relatively small forces: Cortes had around 600 men and Pizarro initially had about 160. These small forces were able to defeat much larger ones. At the Battle of Teocajas, Sebastian de Benalcazar had 200 Spanish and some 3,000 Caà ±ari allies: together they fought Inca General Rumià ±ahui and a force of some 50,000 warriors to a draw. Conquistador Weapons There were two sorts of Spanish conquistadors: horsemen or cavalry and foot soldiers or infantry. The cavalry would usually carry the day in the battles of the conquest. When the spoils were divided, cavalrymen received a much higher share of the treasure than foot soldiers. Some Spanish soldiers would save up and purchase a horse as a sort of investment which would pay off in future conquests. The Spanish horsemen generally had two sorts of weapons: lances and swords. Their lances were long wooden spears with iron or steel points on the ends, used to devastating effect on masses of native foot soldiers. In close combat, a rider would use his sword. Steel Spanish swords of the conquest were about three feet long and relatively narrow, sharp on both sides. The Spanish city of Toledo was known as one of the best places in the world for making arms and armor and a fine Toledo sword was a valuable weapon indeed. The finely made weapons did not pass inspection until they could bend in a half-circle and survive a full-force impact with a metal helmet. The fine Spanish steel sword was such an advantage that for some time after the conquest, it was illegal for natives to have one. Foot Soldiers Weapons Spanish foot soldiers could use a variety of weapons. Many people incorrectly think that it was firearms that doomed the New World natives, but thats not the case. Some Spanish soldiers used a harquebus, a sort of early musket. The harquebus was undeniably effective against any one opponent, but they are slow to load, heavy, and firing one is a complicated process involving the use of a wick which must be kept lit. The harquebuses were most effective for terrorizing native soldiers, who thought the Spanish could create thunder. Like the harquebus, the crossbow was a European weapon designed to defeat armored knights and too bulky and cumbersome to be of much use in the conquest against the lightly armored, quick natives. Some soldiers used crossbows, but theyre very slow to load, break or malfunction easily and their use was not terribly common, at least not after the initial phases of the conquest. Like the cavalry, Spanish foot soldiers made good use of swords. A heavily armored Spanish foot soldier could cut down dozens of native enemies in minutes with a fine Toledan blade. Conquistador Armor Spanish armor, mostly made in Toledo, was among the finest in the world. Encased from head to foot in a steel shell, Spanish conquistadors were all but invulnerable when facing native opponents. In Europe, the armored knight had dominated the battlefield for centuries and weapons such as the harquebus and crossbow were specifically designed to pierce armor and defeat them. The natives had no such weapons and therefore killed very few armored Spanish in battle. The helmet most commonly associated with the conquistadors was the morion, a heavy steel helm with a pronounced crest or comb on top and sweeping sides that came  to  points on either end. Some infantrymen preferred a salade, a full-faced helmet that looks a little like a steel ski mask. In its most basic form, it is a bullet-shaped helm with a large T in front of the eyes, nose, and mouth. A cabasset helmet was much simpler: it is a large steel cap that covers the head from the ears up: stylish ones would have an elongated dome like the pointy end of an almond. Most conquistadors wore a full set of armor which consisted of a heavy breastplate, arm and leg greaves, a metal skirt, and protection for the neck and throat called a gorget. Even parts of the body such as elbows and shoulders, which require movement, were protected by a series of overlapping plates, meaning that there were very few vulnerable spots on a fully armored conquistador. A full suit of metal armor weighed about sixty pounds and the weight was well distributed over the body, allowing it to be worn for long periods of time without causing much fatigue. It generally included even armored boots and gloves or gauntlets. Later in the conquest, as conquistadors realized that full suits of armor were overkill in the New World, some of them switched to lighter chainmail, which was just as effective. Some even abandoned metal armor entirely, wearing escuapil, a sort of padded leather or cloth armor adapted from the armor worn by Aztec warriors. Large, heavy shields were not  necessary for the conquest, although many conquistadors used a buckler, a small, round or oval shield usually of wood or metal covered with leather. Native Weapons The natives had no answer for these weapons and armor. At the time of the conquest, most native cultures in North and South America were somewhere between the Stone Age and the  Bronze Age  in terms of their weaponry. Most foot soldiers carried heavy clubs or maces, some with stone or bronze heads. Some had rudimentary stone axes or clubs with spikes coming out of the end. These weapons could batter and bruise Spanish conquistadors, but only rarely did any serious damage through the heavy armor. Aztec warriors occasionally had a  macuahuitl, a wooden sword with jagged obsidian shards set in the sides: it was a lethal weapon, but still no match for steel. The natives had some better luck with missile weapons. In South America, some cultures developed bows and arrows, although they were rarely able to pierce armor. Other cultures used a sort of sling to hurl a stone with great force. Aztec warriors used the  atlatl, a device used to hurl javelins or darts at great velocity. Native cultures wore elaborate, beautiful armor. The Aztecs had warrior societies, the most notable of which were the feared Eagle and Jaguar warriors. These men would dress in Jaguar skins or eagle feathers and were very brave warriors. The Incas wore quilted or padded armor and used shields and helmets made of wood or bronze. Native armor was generally intended to intimidate as much as protect: it was often very colorful and beautiful. Nevertheless, eagle feathers provide no protection from a steel sword and native armor was of very little use in combat with conquistadors. Analysis The conquest of the Americas proves decisively the advantage of advanced armor and weaponry in any conflict. The Aztecs and Incas numbered in the millions, yet were defeated by Spanish forces numbering in the hundreds. A heavily  armored conquistador  could slay dozens of foes in a single engagement without receiving a serious wound. Horses were another advantage that the natives could not counter. It’s inaccurate to say that the success of the Spanish conquest was solely due to superior arms and armor, however. The Spanish were greatly aided by diseases previously unknown to that part of the world. Millions died of new illnesses brought by the Spanish such as smallpox. There was also a great deal of luck involved. For example, they invaded the  Inca Empire at a time of great crisis, as a brutal civil war between brothers Huascar and Atahualpa was just ending when the Spanish arrived in 1532; and the Aztecs were widely despised by their subjects. Sources Calvert, Albert Frederick. Spanish arms and armour: being a historical and descriptive account of the Royal armoury of Madrid. London: J. Lane, 1907Hemming, John.  The Conquest of the Inca. London: Pan Books, 2004 (original 1970).Pohl, John. The Conquistador: 1492–1550. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2008.

Definitions and Glosses

Definitions and Glosses Definitions and Glosses Definitions and Glosses By Mark Nichol A definition is a phrase or sentence (or more) that explains the meaning of a term, and a gloss is a brief definition offered parenthetically after the term. This post includes examples of sentences in which definitions and glosses are erroneously presented. Discussion after each sentence explains the error, and a revision demonstrates the correct treatment. 1. The term uncertainty is defined as not knowing how or if potential events may manifest themselves in the context of achieving future objectives and business strategies. Enclose explicit definitions (those preceded by means, â€Å"is defined as,† and the like) in quotation marks to signal that the definition is the exact wording from another source: â€Å"The term uncertainty is defined as ‘not knowing how or if potential events may manifest themselves in the context of achieving future objectives and business strategies.’† 2. The organization defines â€Å"relevant information† as information that facilitates informed decision-making. This sentence is constructed differently from the previous example, but the rule is the same: â€Å"The organization defines ‘relevant information’ as ‘information that facilitates informed decision-making.’† (In this case, because the term consists of more than one word, it is enclosed in quotation marks as well, rather than italicized.) However, if a definition follows is or another form of â€Å"to be,† do not set it off in quotation marks: â€Å"Relevant information is information that facilitates informed decision-making.† Note, too, that in this sentence, â€Å"relevant information† is treated as the thing itself, not the term for the thing, so the phrase is not set off with quotation marks. However, in some sentence constructions, the word or phrase may be emphasized because it is a reference to the term itself, and not the concept, while the definition is not treated as a quotation; see, for example, â€Å"‘Relevant information’ refers to information that facilitates informed decision-making.† 3. Administrative adjudication is one of several methods the agency may use to enforce compliance with federal consumer financial laws; it refers to the process by which an administrative agency engages in an adversarial proceeding with a supervised party. â€Å"Administrative adjudication† is referred to here as a concept, but â€Å"it refers to† implies that the reference is to the phrase for the concept, like relevant information in the parenthetical example in the discussion above. (Also, compare â€Å"A pencil is a writing instrument† and â€Å"Pencil denotes a writing instrument.†) It is equivalent to the concept, not the term for it, so the phrase preceding the definition must be revised to reflect this: â€Å"Administrative adjudication is one of several methods the agency may use to enforce compliance with federal consumer financial laws; the term refers to the process by which an administrative agency engages in an adversarial proceeding with a supervised party.† 4. The Gospel of Matthew, the only one of the four canonical gospels to mention the Wise Men, or Magi, makes no mention of the number who came to worship the baby Jesus. Here, two designations for the same thing, the group of men said to have visited Jesus shortly after his birth, are described, but it makes no sense to first provide the more transparent of the two terms, followed by the more esoteric one. The designation that is more well known should be offered as a subsequent gloss, or brief definition, of the more obscure term: â€Å"The Gospel of Matthew, the only one of the four canonical gospels to mention the Magi, or Wise Men, makes no mention of the number who came to worship the baby Jesus.† 5. Alice in Wonderland syndrome, or micropsia, is a neurological disease that affects the visual cortex and makes you see things much, much smaller than they really are. Again, why include a more technical term in addition to a vernacular alternative unless it is introduced first, followed by the more familiar or accessible name as a gloss? Revise as shown here: â€Å"Micropsia, or Alice in Wonderland syndrome, is a neurological disease that affects the visual cortex and makes you see things much, much smaller than they really are.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Common Mistakes category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:35 Synonyms for â€Å"Look†When to Form a Plural with an ApostropheCaptain vs. Master

Organizational Communication about internship Essay

Organizational Communication about internship - Essay Example The modern economy is moving from manufacturing to service orientation. In essence, service production is crucial to human life because it relates directly to human social activities (Downs & Adrian, 2012). Therefore, there are a lot of personal contacts with people. This is seen mostly in hospitality industries like hotels and restaurants. In such places, where business success is dependent on customer satisfaction, effective communication should be enhanced. A good communication strategy enhances customer satisfaction and attainment of organizational goals. Furthermore, because too much engagement with customers, communication helps to clear up misunderstanding and promote straightforward business deals free from inaccurate information, sarcasm, and personal attacks. Usually, customers are ‘right’ and they should be treated with utmost good faith to feel appreciated. This can be achieved by effective communication. According to Miller, (2014), there is no employee who wants to be a faceless cog. Irrespective of how small or big the organization is, workers who are not appreciated and accommodated will drain the moral of other workers leading to low productivity and high turnover. Before the voiceless employees drain others, the company can conduct regular employee surveys to ascertain issues affecting them. This is the most recommended method of getting their input clearly examined. Employee survey is paramount because the organization can identify the loopholes and take corrective measures. Surveys bring on board all the parties to understand what each one is expected to. As a result, productivity levels will be maintained. Written communication is formally accepted and removes doubts. Once words have been put on paper, it can easily be authenticated as opposed to written. Also, it cannot be easily altered and

Discussion Questions (Information Systems) Essay

Discussion Questions (Information Systems) - Essay Example Now no one can be held accountable in such a scenario because the customers have privacy issues if monitoring services are installed. Also if the there is some issue in withdrawal of cash due to slow service and faces a queue of people , the customer on the safe side should have been careful and should have kept the time margin in mind while heading for the ATM. 2. Should companies be responsible for unemployment caused by their information systems? Why or why not? In the Era of Information technology one cannot imagine themselves surviving in this competitive world by sticking to the traditional methods of business and its operations. Information systems had been basically developed as the need for enhancing the performance of business operation by organizing and integrating business activities grew. Companies cannot be held responsible for the unemployment cause by transference of certain tasks and jobs which were previously handled by people to the information systems. Instead peo ple should learn to cope up with such changes, should enhance their skills and should learn and evolve themselves with firsthand experience.

Dental Caries In Children Health And Social Care Essay

Dental Caries In Children Health And Social Care Essay Our team has decided to investigate the epidemiology of dental caries in Scottish children, below the age of 16 inclusively from the 1970s to present. Scotland has the highest prevalence of tooth decay in Europe.1 This is evident from the numerous data sources ascertained. There are associated inequalities found in geographic and socio-economic subgroups which are at the forefront of dental caries prevalence in Scotland. The combination of bacteria with small food particles and saliva creates a sticky film on the tooth which is commonly known as plaque. 2 Over consumption of sugary food and drink, which is high in carbohydrate, provides the bacteria with the energy it needs, whilst producing acid simultaneously. 2 If this plaque is neglected, it will erode the tooth causing dental caries.2 In Scotland there is a sweetie culture,3 where sugary snacks are too readily available and so consumption levels are damaging childrens teeth. As a result the Scottish government are making efforts to assess the problem and subsequently trying to resolve it. Assessment of Caries And Prevelence Measurement The classification of dental caries is done by several sets of criteria, the primary one being the DMFT (decayed/missing/filled teeth) which divides the population into two groups and gathers the mean from each of decayed missing and filled teeth. Its measured from 0 to 32 in terms of affected teeth for people over the age of 12 and from 0 to 20 in children.4 The prevalence portrayed by this measurement has seen a marked decrease in caries in children from 2.16 in 2006 to 1.86 in 2008.5 Its been of paramount importance to the Scottish Government in assessing the levels of caries in children and giving them direction in terms of policy making and goal setting. This is evident from the Graph 15 portrayed in the appendix, which displays the decrease in caries, which in this instance displays decay that goes in to the dentine (d3mt) since the 1980s, with the mean age of children being 5.54 years old.3 This marked decrease has allowed the government to target specific areas of Scottish so ciety to enable an even further reduction in prevalence in caries and employment of even more defined classification models. Another method used for assessing dental caries in preschool children in Scotland is the DCRAM (Dundee Caries Risk Assessment Model). This statistical analysis tool provides an appropriate risk assessment model to determine incidence in a community setting. The DCRAM collects data from one year olds, and uses this data to predict caries incidence over a three year timeframe, to when they are at the age of four. Data is collected following a dental and microbiological examination and from information received via parental questionnaires.6 This type of model makes it easier to differentiate people into different sub-groups so as to investigate the differing incidence levels of oral ill-health within these sub-groups, for example urban and rural differences in dental caries of five year old children in Scotland.7 Here Scotland was split into six different geographies, namely the four big cities (Glasgow, Edinburgh, Dundee and Aberdeen) to the smaller rural areas. The findings of this st udy were that the children in rural areas had a better level of dental health than those living in urban areas (mean DMFT of 1.87 for all of Scotland, the four cities 2.16, other urban 1.81, accessible towns 1.88, remote towns 1.86, accessible rural 1.31, remote rural 1.34).5 Socioeconomic factors have been attributed to the cause of caries in Scotland, where deprivation is positively and significantly associated with having d3mft.8 In a three year follow up study undertaken it was obvious that a serious level of DMFT imbalances between the upper class (SEG1) of society and the lower class (SEG2) existed. As noted the percentage improvements found in SEG1 were up to three times larger than those in SEG2.9 This study undertaken in the 1980s led to the development of further classification tools to give greater transparency. The DepCat scale divided communities into socioeconomic groups from 1 (most affluent) to 7 (most deprived). In doing so it applied the DMFT to reveal high levels of inequality with findings in this study ranging from 62.4% (DepCat 1) to 19.8% (DepCat 7).10 Although this looks ominous there is evidence to portray a 13 point improvement between 2006 and 2008 in the most deprived areas (DepCat 7).5 Further evidence of a decreased DMFT can be seen on Graph 25 in the appendix. With this the employment of a newer scale The Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation1 will ensure further study and reduction of caries in the deprived. Epidemiological principles, methods, tools and information are applied in every aspect of public health from policy setting at macro level to decision making at individual level,11 therefore making the collection and cohesion of information highly important. The result of this work by the Scottish government and health officials has given us tangible trends to decipher the level of dental caries in the country. Graphs 312 and 412 in the appendix clearly portray the level and improvement in dental caries in Scotland. It is given expectation and focus to the government in their implementation of preventive measures for the future. Evidence-based Population-based Prevention Strategies Pit and fissure configuration on tooth can harbour bacteria and lead to dental caries. Prevention of dental caries would be most efficient when the interaction between the host, causative agent and favouring environmental factors is inhibited. Fissure sealant is a primary prevention approach as it diminishes the risk of getting dental caries by enhancing resistance against the bacteria. A systematic health review published by NHS Health Scotland outlines fissure sealants as one of the early childhood caries prevention measures. Three studies were carried out on children under five years old to prove sealants are effective against occlusal dental caries depending on the retention rate, type of sealant and method of application.13 Rather than treating sequel of dental caries, preventive sealants are considered cost-effective compared to expensive restorative procedures. However, an article by Department of Paediatric Dentistry, University of Glasgow, Scotland addressed the efficiency of sealants depends on several factors. Caries are more susceptible in molar tooth, at highest risk during post-eruption period and whether resin-based or glass ionomer fissure sealants were to be chosen is influenced by moisture control.14 If sealants are used for all cases and risk assessment is neglected, this will reduce the cost-effectiveness. On the contrary, fissure sealants are effective against dental caries only if retained. Sealants require vigilant management that they must be replaced over time. Glasgow Dental Hospital and School reported out of 7000 sealants applied by private practitioners in Scotland, 23% of failed sealants end up carious after 4 years. This study concludes that maintenance of originally sealed fissures is vital for success sealants in long run.15 The study concluded that dental caries are bacterial, regardless of age and the process of wearing sealants would be of the same in any age group. The use of fluorides, on the other hand, in either topical (mouth rinsing solutions, tablets, toothpastes) or systemic (fluoridated water, milk or salt) forms, has shown to have a positive effect on the prevention and reduction of dental caries experience among children and adolescents, globally.16 Although fluoridation of water is considered one of the ten main achievements of public health interventions,17 its real advantages to public health remain controversial.18 Scotland rejected artificial water fluoridation amidst public complaints of its harmful side effects, namely fluorosis or mottled teeth.19 Over the past 50 years in the UK, fluoridated toothpastes have played a crucial role in the declining trends of dental caries in children (in terms of reduced DMFT scores and overall oral health.) 20,21 There is also consensus about 1000ppm Fluoride concentration per toothpaste as optimal for ensuring protection from dental caries, and has proved to be 25% more beneficial in preventing tooth decay.22 Systematic review carried out by the University of Dundee reinforces the superior preventive effect of fluoride toothpastes compared to placebos (addition PF, 24.9%.)23 Researchers and public health authorities have unanimously placed fluoride toothpaste as the method of choice for preventing caries, as it is convenient and culturally approved, widespread, and it is commonly linked to the decline in caries prevalence in many countries.20 One of the chief concerns associated with consumption of fluorides is the incidence of fluorosis. Systematic reviews of studies carried out across the UK indicate a positive correlation between the concentrations of fluoride and dental fluorosis.24 Moreover, there are two major concerns associated solely with topical fluoride use- a) noncompliance with tooth brushing regimens and b) chronic overconsumption of toothpaste among children leading to increased risk of fluorosis.20 While some studies claim that fluoridated water is associated with higher incidence of diseases like bone fractures, senile dementia or cancer; no conclusive evidence has been reported.24 Other concerns of fluoridation like its effects on immunity, reproductive health and GI effects have also not shown to be clinically significant.25 A third prevention strategy called Childsmile was fully running since 2011. It is a children orientated, oral health promotion programme driven by the NHS. The aim is to improve the overall oral health of all children across Scotland and reduce inequalities in dental public health and access to related services.26 Childsmile has three components, the Core, which is applied to all Scottish children, provides fluoridated toothpaste and toothbrushes till five years of age and advocates supervised tooth brushing. 26 The Practice component allows new parents to register easily with local dental practices and is educated on oral health, such as tooth brushing methods and diet. Risk assessments are used to identify children at high risk, who are then provided with varnish and fissure sealants. 26 The third component, Nursery and School, provides twice per annum fluoride varnish applications to those living in the most deprived local quintile of Scotland under the Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation (SMID). 26 In 1996, the Greater Glasgow Health Board introduced a community-based oral health promotion for five year olds in the most socially deprived areas in Glasgow, comparable to Childsmile, which involved establishing Oral Health Action Teams (OHATs). 27 OHATs main goals are very similar to Childsmiles, including supervised tooth brushing, providing information to parents and supporting local dentists to further promote oral health. A follow-up study was done and the D3MFT values has shown to decrease from 5.5 to 3.6 and from 6.0 to 3.6 respective to DepCat 1 and 2 communities and the mean D3MFT values of 5 year olds was reduced in all DepCat 7 communities from 4.9 to 4.1. This change was of sufficient magnitude to impact upon area-wide statistics for Glasgow. 28 This suggests that oral health education interventions do give a positive impact on the population if it is implemented rigorously. Even though dental treatments are now relatively more advanced and effective, it is difficult for the whole population to benefit from these treatments, due to cost and access, as a prevention strategy for further tooth decay. Hence, it would be wiser to put into place public health strategies to get the knowledge to the general public and to promote the idea from young that prevention is better than treatment for oral health. But even with these health promotion programmes, there is evidence that shows how it is not a sustainable way to stop poor oral health because they do not tackle the main underlying cause. This leads to an ethical dilemma; creating a bigger inequality gap of access to oral healthcare, with those being in higher SES groups actually benefitting more than those who are in much more need of these service in the most deprived population. Discussion / Conclusion xxxxx Search Strategy For our project we began with a general search of dental caries on PubMed. There were numerous articles published from around the world so we narrowed it down to UK and Ireland and South America, as there were plenty of relevant articles for these regions. It was later decided that the following electronic databases: MEDLINE, PubMed and Cochrane library provided a number of articles for Scotland and Brazil. Using certain parameters like age (0-16 years old) it was decided that our project would be focussed on the dental caries of children in Scotland and articles produced between 1973 and present day. Keywords used to refine the search included children, fluoridation, fissure sealants and government studies amongst others. We used the advanced search option on PubMed with a combination of keywords such as Government Interventions AND Dental caries Scotland to review steps taken by the Scottish Government in recognising dental caries in children and also treating the problem. For the epidemiology section of the project we found articles using keywords epidemiology, dental caries, Scottish children. We found 107 relevant articles that were eventually narrowed to give us the most pertinent approaches taken in Scotland to diagnose dental caries, such as DCRAM (Dundee Caries Risk Assessment Model) and the NDIP (National Dental Inspection Plan). Searches based on individual interventional approaches were then carried out, yielding 17 results for DCRAM on PubMed and 16000 results for NDIP on Google Scholar. The studies were reviewed and chosen only if they met the criteria we wished to discuss throughout project, such as, age (0-16 years old), social background and residence i.e. Rural v Urban setting. We also did not include articles and studies published before 1973.We also used articles produced by the NHS and took these as official and accurate. For review of prevention strategies, we decided to use fissure sealants, fluoridation and the public health strategy of Childsmile as our main areas of discussion in terms of intervention. After comprehensive research using our chosen electronic databases- MEDLINE, PubMed, Cochrane Library and Google Scholar, we narrowed the expansive intervention of Fluoridation to the use of Fluoridated Toothpastes as we realized that artificial fluoridation was rejected by the Scottish government and that toothpastes were hence the most ubiquitous form of fluroide intake in Scottish children. A search on pubmed with keywords Fluoridated Toothpastes initially yielded 125 results, which were then narrowed using additional limits of Full Free Text and English Language. Similar limits were applied to searches of Fissure Sealants and ChildSmile, yielding 33 and 4 results, respectively. For reviews evaluating the efficacy of these interventions, we depended mostly upon PubMed and Cochrane Library. A seach with the advanced limits of English Language, Free Full Text Available and type of article-Systematic Review yielded only 1 result on Pubmed for Fissure Sealants, 3 for ChildSmile and 15 for fluoridated tootpastes. We feel our results provide an accurate review of dental caries in children in Scotland between the ages of (0-16). References Scotland.gov.uk Scottish Health Boards Dental Epidemiological Programme National Dental Inspection Programme 2011 [updated Wednesday 21 September 2011: cited October 17, 2012]. Available from http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Topics/Statistics/Browse/Health/TrendDentalHealth What did dr beisma say about long url? National Health service. Causes of Tooth Decay. Available from http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Dental-decay/Pages/Causes.aspx (Reviewed 07/07/2012)(Accessed 01/11/2012) http://www.nurseryworld.co.uk/news/994927/Sweetie-culture-culprit-tooth-decay/ Department of Health Hong Kong. Measuring tooth decay and gum disease. Available from http://www.dh.gov.hk/english/pub_rec/pub_rec_lpoi/files/ohse2.pdf (accessed 20/10/2012). Merret MC, Goold S, Mcall DR, CM Jones, LMD Macphearson, ZJ Nugent GVA Topping. National Dental inspection of Scotland. Report of the 2008 survey of P1 children in Scotland. Edinburgh: Scottish Dental Epidemiological Co-ordination Committee ; 2008. McRitchie HM, Development of the Dundee Caries Risk Assessment Model (DCRAM)Risk model development using a novel application of CHAID analysis. Community Dent Oral Epidemiology 2012; 40(1):37-45 Levin KA, Davies CA, Douglas GV, Pitts Nb. Urban-rural differences in dental caries of 5-year old children in Scotland. Social Science Medicine 2012; 71(11):2020-2027. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19307245 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2379088 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10226726 Bailey L, Vardulaki K Langham J Introduction to epidemiology.P10 4th ed. England: McGraw HIill; 2009. Macpherson LMD, Ball GE, Conway DI, Edwards M, Goold S, McMahon A, OKeefe E, Pitts NB Watson S. Report of the 2011 Detailed National Dental Inspection Programme of Primary 7 Children and the Basic Inspection of Primary 1 and Primary 7 Children. Scotland: Scottish Dental Epidemiology Coordinating Committee; 2011 Poobalan A, Prevention of early childhood caries: A systematic review. 2008; 122. Welbury R, EAPD guidelines for the use of pit and fissure sealants. Eur J Paediatr Dent 2004; 5(3):179-84. Chestnutt IG, Schafer F, Jacobson AP, Stephen KW: The prevalence and effectiveness of fissure sealants in Scottish adolescents. Br Dent J. 177:125-29, 1994. Peterson PF, Lennon MA: Effective Use of Fluorides for the Prevention of Dental Caries in the 21st Century: The WHO Approach. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2004; 32: 319-21. OÃÅ'  Blackwell Munksgaard, 2004. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 1999a; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 1999 Richards,D :Water Fluoridation: Controversy or Not? Editorial, Evidence-Based Dentistry (2002) 3, 31; doi:10.1038/sj.ebd.6400120. Available from www.nature.com Craig, J: Presidential Address. Br Dent J. 2005 May 28;198(10):597-9 (pubmed) Marinho VCC, Higgins JPT, Logan S, Sheiham A: Fluoride toothpastes for preventing dental caries in children and adolescents (Review) The Cochrane Collaboration, The Cochrane Library, 2009. Curnow MM, Pine CM,: A randomised controlled trial of the efficacy of supervised toothbrushing in high-caries-risk children Caries Res. 2002 Jul-Aug;36(4):294-300. Scottish Children Brush Away Tooth Decay. British Dental Journal 199, 698 (2006) Published online: 10 December 2005 | doi:10.1038/sj.bdj.4813051. Available from www.nature.com date accessed? Topping G, Assaf A.: Strong evidence that daily use of fluoride toothpaste prevents caries. Evid Based Dent. 2005;6(2):32. Dental Health Services Research Unit, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, UK. McDonagh S: Systematic Review of water fluoridation BMJ. 2000 Oct 7;321(7265):855-9 (PUBMED/www.bmj.com) MRC working group report. National Health Services Scotland. About Childsmile NHS Health Scotland. [homepage on the Internet]. 2010 [cited 2012 Oct 24]. Available from: National Health Service Scotland, Childsmile Web site: http://www.child-smile.org.uk/professionals/about-childsmile.aspx Blair YI Evaluation of NHS Greater Glasgow oral health action teams: A report from the monitoring and evaluation subgroup of the OHAT steering group, November 2005. Glasgow: NHSGGC; 2005. Blair Y, Macpherson L, Mccall D, Mcmahon a. Dental health of 5-year-olds following community-based oral health promotion in Glasgow, UK. Int. J of Paediatric Dentistry 2006; 16:388-398.

Literacy Case Study

Literature serves as a repository of human experience. The possibility of such is evident in the personal and political character evident in the creation of a literary work. Such a character is present in the process of creating a literary work. The literary work may be depicted as an artist’s compilation of thoughts and ideas formulated into a coherent whole. The process of formulating such is spearheaded by the artist’s acquisition of language through the socialization process. Socialization occurs at the formal and informal level. The formal level is generally characterized by the acquisition of the syntactical and semantical rules of a language. Such a process occurs during a child’s education. The acquisition of language, as well as the development of the interest for a particular language may occur during the early part of a child’s socialization process with the family. The family serves as the main element for a child’s acquisition of interest for particular styles or one may even state for particular literary genres. Hence, a child who has been introduced at an early age to fairly tales may have a taste for the fantastic and the supernatural. At the same time, a child introduced to personal narratives may develop an interest for personal narrations. In lieu of this, what follows is the result of literacy case study conducted with a peer/classmate. The study opts to present an analysis of a peer’s literacy level though the analysis of his/her reading and writing skills. Such an analysis involves the assessment of the individual’s personal views to the reading and writing process and the relation of these views to the individual’s assessment of his literacy level. Method The methodology employed for this case study involves a one on one interview with a particular peer/classmate. The methodology used enables the interviewer to assess the literacy level of the interviewee in terms of conversational language. Such an assessment enables the interviewer to consider the interviewee’s communication skills, which mirrors the interviewee’s self-perceived competency of his literacy level. Evaluation This case study was conducted with a classmate [Ali]. Several questions were posed which considered Ali’s socialization experience in terms of language acquisition. The study shows that an individual’s literacy level increasingly develops throughout the life span because of the continuous stimulation of various stimuli that necessitates the individual’s continuous use of his reading and writing skills. In Ali’s case, this is evident, as he perceives literature as the focal point, which enabled him to develop an interest for the other subjects during his junior year. In relation to this, his later years of development [specifically that which is situated within the University] mirrors his literacy development. Ali’s development has shifted towards a highly personal consideration of the role of these aforementioned skills in the development of his own voice and hence his own identity. Summary and Recommendations Based upon the interview, I perceive Ali’s utilization of the personal value that literature serves for the individual. Personal here ought to be understood as private. Literature for Ali thereby serves as an ensemble of various accounts that serve to reject the discursive unity that constructs subjectivity as simultaneously individualized and totalized since literature as Ali perceives it or utilizes it in his life takes the form or style of several generic discourses. The acts correlated with literature [reading and writing] thereby stand for Ali as acts that enable the discovery of the self through the daily recording of events that allows the creation of his singular account of the transactions and movements of his life. As I reckon, Ali’s interest lies in the creation of self-narratives in the form of daily records of his daily transactions. Such an act may be seen as an exercise of selfhood wherein Ali portrays his perception of his intimate self while recognizing that it is his mere perception of his self. Ali thereby allows the subversion of the act of turning â€Å"real lives into writing† as he allows the existence of conflicts and confusions in the formation of his identity [as depicted in his writings]. Ali himself notes that literature enables him to perceive the mistakes the he continuously commits in the act of delving within and understanding a literary work. Literature, in this sense, presents Ali with the form in which he may be able to continuously exercise the act of self-formation and hence self-creation. The possibility of such is evident if one considers that Ali takes the act of understanding a literary work as an internal act, which necessitates the reader’s complete understanding of the content of literary work. Such an understanding, although enabled and nurtured within a group through the introduction of various diverse views is only possible when one isolates one’s self in order to reassess one’s thoughts in connection to the simultaneous views presented within a group. To understand a literary work thereby serves as a process of reconsidering the self in order to attain a form of consensus within one’s self that enables the self’s creation and hence specification of its view. Literature, for Ali, thereby serves as a medium for self discovery and self creation wherein the acts of both reading and writing serve as the facilitators for the initial creation and finally in the end Ali’s own medium for the specification and exposition of his self as represented through his own creative work.      

Clocky

What are the key marketing challenges facing Gauri Nanda and how would you prioritize them? 1) Timing Clocky got a lot of media attention approximately a year early from commercialization. The hype it is having might have a negative and positive affect towards when actually Gauri introduce the product to the market. The questions raised was â€Å"Would consumers interested in buying Clocky now be frustrated once they learned that the product was not yet commercially available, or would they be content to wait until Clocky reached the market? † 2) Target marketGauri have to decide whether to focus on â€Å"Fun† or â€Å"Need† target segment. This is a critical step in the development as it will be difficult to change perception of a product once it gains a certain reputation. 3) Production partnership Gauri have to make a decision whether to partner with a large-scale retailer (Wal-Mart) or to pursue co-branding opportunities with a product development outfit ( iR obot). Both ways offer it’s up and down sides. With a large scale retailer, Gauri face the risk of the product becoming a fad, like Tickle-Me-Elmo.On the other hand, pursuing co-brading opportunities, she might have less control over the product invention. 4) Pricing Gauri have to decide the price for the product. This also will determine the product strategy adopted. Selling to Wal Mart allows Gauri to cash in early but sacrificing the long term potential of the product. Whereas selling to a upper class store allows Gauri to build brand image but it may take longer time to generate enough profit to recoup back the investment. Gauri needs to tackle the challenges from 1 to 4.I feel that the early media attention issue need to be taken care of first and make sure it does not negatively affected the commercialization of the product. Secondly, Gauri needs to determine the target segment which will lead to production partnership decision and ultimately pricing. How would you segm ent the market for Clocky and on which target market segment(s) should Nanda focus. Explain the value proposition for each? In the article it is mentioned that Clocky’s customer can be put into two camps: â€Å"Need† and â€Å"Fun† market. ) â€Å"Need† market The main customer would be people who found getting out of bed is a serious challenge and disrupted their life in significant ways, such as frequently making them late for work. I feel like Clocky will be a success in this market as it will be seen a solution for those people. In addition to that, the market is currently untapped and Gauri will enjoy first moving advantage. The downside is that the market is not as big as the other segment. Although the probability of success is high, the financial gain might not be significant. ) â€Å"Fun† market The customer would be people who currently use an alarm clock. I can see that Clocky will be marketed not a solution but as alternative to traditi on alarm clock that has more advance feature. This way there is a risk that the product will be seen as a fad product just like Furby. However, the market is huge and financial gain is significant if the product is a success. Personally I feel the best strategy is for Gauri to focus on short term financial gain and focus on the â€Å"fun† market.There is a big chance that the product might have a short life, like furby but Gauri would be able to gain a significant financial gain in a short period of time. The need market is not very attractive to me because of the size of the market. Based on what you believe to be the most feasible/most valuable positioning, what are the key components of a marketing launch plan including:   product design/features, pricing, retail channels and distribution plan, manufacturing location, and marketing communications. My goal with this product would be to generate as much profit as possible in the shortest amount of time.I do not think build ing a brand and spend years on this product is worth the effort from financial perspective. With this in mind, the strategy that I would adopt is a short term strategy that will maximize short term profit. The segment I would be targeting is the â€Å"Fun† market. I would market Clocky as an advanced alarm clock that is innovative and â€Å"fun† to have. The feature would be kept at the minimal (moving alarm clock) and the design would be as describe in the case â€Å"lighthearted features, such as his furry exterior and playful nature, depicting him almost as a robotic household pet. I would form a partnership with Target and use them as the main distribution channel. The pricing would be set a low point around $30 (considering that traditional alarm clock sold around $15). With Target’s mark up around 144%, the retail price would be $40. The manufacturing location will be in China as it offers the lowest cost of manufacturing. Assuming the cost of goods is $1 5, this will offer 100% margin. The media communication used would be TV and magazine advertisement. The advertisement is catered toward general audience that buy alarm clock. Clocky What are the key marketing challenges facing Gauri Nanda and how would you prioritize them? 1) Timing Clocky got a lot of media attention approximately a year early from commercialization. The hype it is having might have a negative and positive affect towards when actually Gauri introduce the product to the market. The questions raised was â€Å"Would consumers interested in buying Clocky now be frustrated once they learned that the product was not yet commercially available, or would they be content to wait until Clocky reached the market? † 2) Target marketGauri have to decide whether to focus on â€Å"Fun† or â€Å"Need† target segment. This is a critical step in the development as it will be difficult to change perception of a product once it gains a certain reputation. 3) Production partnership Gauri have to make a decision whether to partner with a large-scale retailer (Wal-Mart) or to pursue co-branding opportunities with a product development outfit ( iR obot). Both ways offer it’s up and down sides. With a large scale retailer, Gauri face the risk of the product becoming a fad, like Tickle-Me-Elmo.On the other hand, pursuing co-brading opportunities, she might have less control over the product invention. 4) Pricing Gauri have to decide the price for the product. This also will determine the product strategy adopted. Selling to Wal Mart allows Gauri to cash in early but sacrificing the long term potential of the product. Whereas selling to a upper class store allows Gauri to build brand image but it may take longer time to generate enough profit to recoup back the investment. Gauri needs to tackle the challenges from 1 to 4.I feel that the early media attention issue need to be taken care of first and make sure it does not negatively affected the commercialization of the product. Secondly, Gauri needs to determine the target segment which will lead to production partnership decision and ultimately pricing. How would you segm ent the market for Clocky and on which target market segment(s) should Nanda focus. Explain the value proposition for each? In the article it is mentioned that Clocky’s customer can be put into two camps: â€Å"Need† and â€Å"Fun† market. ) â€Å"Need† market The main customer would be people who found getting out of bed is a serious challenge and disrupted their life in significant ways, such as frequently making them late for work. I feel like Clocky will be a success in this market as it will be seen a solution for those people. In addition to that, the market is currently untapped and Gauri will enjoy first moving advantage. The downside is that the market is not as big as the other segment. Although the probability of success is high, the financial gain might not be significant. ) â€Å"Fun† market The customer would be people who currently use an alarm clock. I can see that Clocky will be marketed not a solution but as alternative to traditi on alarm clock that has more advance feature. This way there is a risk that the product will be seen as a fad product just like Furby. However, the market is huge and financial gain is significant if the product is a success. Personally I feel the best strategy is for Gauri to focus on short term financial gain and focus on the â€Å"fun† market.There is a big chance that the product might have a short life, like furby but Gauri would be able to gain a significant financial gain in a short period of time. The need market is not very attractive to me because of the size of the market. Based on what you believe to be the most feasible/most valuable positioning, what are the key components of a marketing launch plan including:   product design/features, pricing, retail channels and distribution plan, manufacturing location, and marketing communications. My goal with this product would be to generate as much profit as possible in the shortest amount of time.I do not think build ing a brand and spend years on this product is worth the effort from financial perspective. With this in mind, the strategy that I would adopt is a short term strategy that will maximize short term profit. The segment I would be targeting is the â€Å"Fun† market. I would market Clocky as an advanced alarm clock that is innovative and â€Å"fun† to have. The feature would be kept at the minimal (moving alarm clock) and the design would be as describe in the case â€Å"lighthearted features, such as his furry exterior and playful nature, depicting him almost as a robotic household pet. I would form a partnership with Target and use them as the main distribution channel. The pricing would be set a low point around $30 (considering that traditional alarm clock sold around $15). With Target’s mark up around 144%, the retail price would be $40. The manufacturing location will be in China as it offers the lowest cost of manufacturing. Assuming the cost of goods is $1 5, this will offer 100% margin. The media communication used would be TV and magazine advertisement. The advertisement is catered toward general audience that buy alarm clock.

List of the 29 Governorates in Egypt

Egypt, officially called the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a republic located in northern Africa. It shares borders with Gaza Strip, Israel, Libya, and Sudan and its boundaries also include the Sinai Peninsula. Egypt has coastlines on the Mediterranean and the Red Sea and it has a total area of 386,662 square miles (1,001,450 sq km). Egypt has a population of 80,471,869 (July 2010 estimate) and its capital and largest city is Cairo. In terms of local administration, Egypt is divided into 29 governorates that are administered by a local governor. Some of Egypts governorates are very densely populated, like Cairo, while others have small populations and large areas like New Valley or South Sinai. The 29 Governorates The following is a list of Egypts twenty-nine governorates arranged in terms of their area. For reference, capital cities have also been included.1) New ValleyArea: 145,369 square miles (376,505 sq km)Capital: Kharga2) MatruhArea: 81,897 square miles (212,112 sq km)Capital: Marsa Matruh3) Red SeaArea: 78,643 square miles (203,685 sq km)Capital: Hurghada4) GizaArea: 32,878 square miles (85,153 sq km)Capital: Giza5) South SinaiArea: 12,795 square miles (33,140 sq km)Capital: el-Tor6) North SinaiArea: 10,646 square miles (27,574 sq km)Capital: Arish7) SuezArea: 6,888 square miles (17,840 sq km)Capital: Suez8) BeheiraArea: 3,520 square miles (9,118 sq km)Capital: Damanhur9) HelwanArea: 2,895 square miles (7,500 sq km)Capital: Helwan10) SharqiaArea: 1,614 square miles (4,180 sq km)Capital: Zagazig11) DakahliaArea: 1,340 square miles (3,471 sq km)Capital: Mansura12) Kafr el-SheikhArea: 1,327 square miles (3,437 sq km)Capital: Kafr el-Sheikh13) AlexandriaArea: 1,034 square miles (2,679 sq k m)Capital: Alexandria14) MonufiaArea: 982 square miles (2,544 sq km)Capital: Shibin el-Kom15) MinyaArea: 873 square miles (2,262 sq km)Capital: Minya16) GharbiaArea: 750 square miles (1,942 sq km)Capital: Tanta17) FaiyumArea: 705 square miles (1,827 sq km)Capital: Faiym18) QenaArea: 693 square miles (1,796 sq km)Capital: Qena19) AsyutArea: 599 square miles (1,553 sq km)Capital: Asyut20) SohagArea: 597 square miles (1,547 sq km)Capital: Sohag21) IsmailiaArea: 557 square miles (1,442 sq km)Capital: Ismailia22) Beni SuefArea: 510 square miles (1,322 sq km)Capital: Beni Suef23) QalyubiaArea: 386 square miles (1,001 sq km)Capital: Banha24) AswanArea: 262 square miles (679 sq km)Capital: Aswan25) DamiettaArea: 227 square miles (589 sq km)Capital: Damietta26) CairoArea: 175 square miles (453 sq km)Capital: Cairo27) Port SaidArea: 28 square miles (72 sq km)Capital: Port Said28) LuxorArea: 21 square miles (55 sq km)Capital: Luxor29) 6th of OctoberArea: UnknownCapital: 6th of October City